at:tutorial:objects
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at:tutorial:objects [2007/07/10 12:46] – fixed tvcutsem | at:tutorial:objects [2008/08/01 14:27] – * tvcutsem | ||
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def z := 0; | def z := 0; | ||
def sumOfSquares() { | def sumOfSquares() { | ||
- | super^sumOfSquares() + z*z | + | super^sumOfSquares() + z*z; |
}; | }; | ||
} | } | ||
Line 120: | Line 120: | ||
This cloning semantics reinforces the semantics of **IS-A** as promoting a unique link between a parent and a child object. **IS-A** delegation most closely corresponds to class-based inheritance. | This cloning semantics reinforces the semantics of **IS-A** as promoting a unique link between a parent and a child object. **IS-A** delegation most closely corresponds to class-based inheritance. | ||
- | ===== Delegation and dynamic inheritance | + | ===== Delegation and Dynamic Inheritance |
- | The parent of an object is bound to a field named '' | + | |
+ | In AmbientTalk, | ||
+ | |||
+ | Because '' | ||
< | < | ||
- | > def openConnection := object: {...}; | + | def openConnection := object: |
- | > def closedConnection := object: {...}; | + | def send(msg) |
- | > def connection := object: { | + | }; |
- | def open() { | + | def closedConnection := object: |
- | super := openConnection.new(); | + | def send(msg) |
+ | }; | ||
+ | def connection := object: | ||
+ | def init() | ||
+ | | ||
+ | }; | ||
+ | | ||
+ | super := openConnection; | ||
+ | }; | ||
+ | def close() { | ||
+ | super := closedConnection; | ||
+ | }; | ||
+ | } | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | In the above example, the '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | In AmbientTalk, | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== First-class Delegation ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | AmbientTalk provides a special message-sending operator '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | def Enumerable := object: { | ||
+ | def collect: closure { | ||
+ | def c := self.new([]); | ||
+ | self.each: { |v| | ||
+ | c.add(closure(v)); | ||
}; | }; | ||
- | def close() { | + | |
- | | + | }; |
+ | }; | ||
+ | def Array := object: { | ||
+ | def elements := []; | ||
+ | | ||
+ | def add(v) { elements | ||
+ | def collect: closure { | ||
+ | Enumerable^collect: | ||
+ | }; | ||
+ | def each: clo { | ||
+ | 1.to: elements.length + 1 do: { |i| | ||
+ | clo(elements[i]); | ||
}; | }; | ||
- | } | + | }; |
+ | }; | ||
</ | </ | ||
- | <note important> | + | A message sent to an object using the '' |
- | In AmbientTalk, '' | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | ===== First-class delegation ===== | + | < |
- | AmbientTalk provides | + | Array.add(1).add(2).add(3) |
+ | def c := Array.collect: | ||
+ | c.each: { |v| system.print(v)} // prints 234 | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Of course, the example above is a bit contrived: we could have just assigned | ||
+ | |||
+ | Having described | ||
< | < | ||
- | def point3D | + | def Point3D |
def z := 0; | def z := 0; | ||
def init(aX, aY, aZ) { | def init(aX, aY, aZ) { | ||
Line 150: | Line 200: | ||
z := aZ; | z := aZ; | ||
}; | }; | ||
- | } | + | }; |
</ | </ | ||
- | |||
- | A message sent to an object using the '' | ||
<note warning> | <note warning> | ||
- | The delegation operator | + | AmbientTalk, |
+ | |||
+ | Keep in mind, however, that '' | ||
</ | </ | ||
===== Encapsulation ===== | ===== Encapsulation ===== | ||
- | In AmbientTalk, all fields and methods are " | + | |
+ | AmbientTalk | ||
< | < | ||
- | > def makeObject(hidden) { | + | def makeBankAccount(balance) { |
- | object: { | + | object: { |
- | def foo() { /* use hidden */ } | + | def deposit(amnt) { |
- | } | + | balance := balance + amnt; |
+ | " | ||
+ | }; | ||
} | } | ||
+ | } | ||
</ | </ | ||
- | Due to the encapsulation of this object the following | + | Because |
< | < | ||
- | > makeObject(5).hidden; | + | > makeBankAccount(100).balance; |
- | >> | + | >> |
< | < | ||
</ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | This pattern of creating objects by means of " | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | def b := makeBankAccount(100); | ||
+ | def b2 := b.new(); // shares its balance field with b! | ||
+ | b.deposit(10); | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | In order to prevent this kind of errors, it is considered best practice to override '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | def makeBankAccount(balance) { | ||
+ | object: { | ||
+ | def new(@args) { makeBankAccount(@args) }; | ||
+ | def deposit(amnt) { /* as before */ }; | ||
+ | } | ||
+ | } | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | By overriding '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===== Uniform Access ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | AmbientTalk inherits from languages like Self, Eiffel and Ruby the property that field access is made indistinguishable from invoking a nullary method. This property is often referred to as the [[Wp> | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | def o := object: { | ||
+ | def x := 5 | ||
+ | }; | ||
+ | > o.x | ||
+ | >> 5 | ||
+ | o := object: { | ||
+ | def x() { 5 } | ||
+ | }; | ||
+ | > o.x | ||
+ | >> 5 | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Hence, the general rule is that '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | def o := object: { | ||
+ | def x := 5 | ||
+ | def xPlus1() { x + 1 } | ||
+ | }; | ||
+ | > o.xPlus1 | ||
+ | >> 6 | ||
+ | o := object: { | ||
+ | def x() { 5 } | ||
+ | def xPlus1() { x + 1 } | ||
+ | }; | ||
+ | > o.xPlus1 | ||
+ | >> 6 | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Note that the variable lookup '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== UAP and closures ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | One may wonder how the uniform access principle interacts with closures. That is, if '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | def o := object: { | ||
+ | def x := { 5 } | ||
+ | }; | ||
+ | > o.x | ||
+ | >> < | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | The rationale is that '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | > o.x() | ||
+ | >> 5 | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | When explicitly // | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==== UAP and Assignment ==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | In order to uphold the uniform access principle, special care is required with respect to assignment. If clients should be fully able to abstract over the implementation of slots as either fields or accessor methods, it should be possible to unify field assignment with mutator invocation. In AmbientTalk, | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | def realField := 5; | ||
+ | def o := object: { | ||
+ | def virtualField() { realField }; | ||
+ | def virtualField: | ||
+ | }; | ||
+ | > o.virtualField | ||
+ | >> 5 | ||
+ | > o.virtualField := 3 // interpreted as o.virtualField: | ||
+ | >> 3 | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | In essence, assigning the field of an object is treated as a message send triggering a mutator method. Here's a more useful example of virtual fields: | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | def time := object: { | ||
+ | def seconds := 60; | ||
+ | // a field implicitly represents an accessor method seconds() | ||
+ | // and a mutator method seconds: | ||
+ | |||
+ | def minutes() { seconds / 60 }; | ||
+ | def hours() | ||
+ | |||
+ | def minutes: | ||
+ | seconds := mins * 60; mins | ||
+ | }; | ||
+ | def hours: | ||
+ | seconds := hours * 3600; hours | ||
+ | }; | ||
+ | }; | ||
+ | > time.minutes | ||
+ | >> 1 | ||
+ | > time.hours := 1 | ||
+ | >> 1 | ||
+ | > time.seconds | ||
+ | >> 3600 | ||
+ | > time.seconds := 180 | ||
+ | >> 180 | ||
+ | > time.minutes | ||
+ | >> 2 | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | If no mutator method is defined, the field assignment will fail with a '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | AmbientTalk has no direct notion of '' | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | The uniform access principle for assignments equally holds for lexically visible methods. In other words, the code '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | <note warning> | ||
+ | The parser currently does not support the explicit invocation of a mutator as a method or function (as in '' | ||
+ | </ |
at/tutorial/objects.txt · Last modified: 2013/05/17 20:23 by tvcutsem